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Music has long played a vital role in not only American history but also American activism.  Slave spirituals were key to enduring the brutality of slave life and provided not only relief but also coded communication. Frederick Douglass wrote in his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, “The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears.”  Similarly, music has been instrumental in a variety of modern 20^th century movements such as the noun songs of the Civil Rights Movement and feminist anthems of the Women’s Movement.  All movements hold their anthems.  But what about when it comes to our actual national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner”?

It seems unlikely that during the War of , when Francis Scott Key penned the poem that would later become our national anthem, he could have foreseen the controversy over the anthem that would occur centuries later.  Certainly, he could not have predicted dark football players taking a knee during his now musical poem

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